Political socialization
In the system of political processes, the politicalsocialization occupies a special place for the reason that this process is inherent in all people without exception and continues throughout life. Often you have to hear speculation, statements from an individual about his political malfunction. They say that they are not interested in politics, do not engage in political activities and in general, that politics is not interested. Yes, you can not be interested in politics as such. But no one can exclude himself from the system of political relations. The political sphere of society is as objective as the rest - economic, social and spiritual-cultural. Namely, therefore, no one can "get out" of it, just as one can not refuse the consumption of products, communication, assimilation of skills of interaction with other people.
This is the objective presence of people in political reality and reflects such a phenomenon as political socialization.
In the simplest sense, this phenomenon can beregarded as a derivative of the general socialization of the individual. The main difference is that political socialization assumes the individual's absorption of a narrower and more specific set of values and norms-political ones. In the course of this process, the individual forms a certain system of political values, orientations, preferences, and then attitudes that determine the degree of his involvement in real political life. This is characterized by a different concept - political participation.
The content of political socialization islaws, rules and rules for conducting political activities, stereotypes and patterns of political behavior and political thinking, ideas, theories, political programs and symbols, and much more, which ultimately allows us to formulate criteria for attitudes to power and ensure our own political identification.
These attributes are learned by the person duringbilateral process, which is political socialization. On the one hand, there is a person in it, on the other - sources - parents, a class of classmates, teachers, teachers. However, the main agents of political socialization are political institutions: the state, parties, social movements and organizations.
From a bilateral character follow thosepublic functions that perform this process. First of all, it is an orientation function that allows an individual more or less to be determined in political space and time. Secondly, it is the function of adaptation and aggregation, which allows a person to have the skills to perform some meaningful actions within the political reality. These actions are reflected, as a rule, through the role behavior of the individual.
With all the subjectivity of the process, the political socialization of the individual has some regularities that allow us to distinguish two main types in the course of it.
The primary phase involves the formation ofindividual initial ideas about the policy at the level of symbols, collective action under the leadership of someone, the formation of personal criteria for assessing political reality. As a rule, these qualities characterize the political socialization of young people.
In the course of the secondary stage,formation of an integral political culture of a person, personality, which helps him to completely identify himself in the political space and make informed decisions.
It is at this stage that the attitude towardspolitics as a social phenomenon, a person determines the extent of his political participation and the form of political behavior. The process under consideration is not the same for all people and societies, so there is a classification of types of political socialization. Distinguish the following: harmonic, hegemonic, pluralistic, conflict types. It should be taken into account that practically none of these types is manifested in a "pure form", a person is formed under the influence of each of them.
